Linear Circuit Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
- Charge, current, and voltage
- Power and energy
- Linear circuits
- Linear components
- Loops and nodes
- Series and parallel
- R, L & C combinations
- V & I combinations
3. Simple Circuits
- Ohm's law
- Kirchhoff's current law
- Kirchhoff's voltage law
- Single loop circuits
- Single node-pair circuits
- Voltage division
- Current division
4. Nodal and Mesh Analysis
5. Additional Analysis Techniques
- Superposition
- Source transformation
- The $V_{test}/I_{test}$ method
- Norton equivalent
- Thévenin equivalent
- Max power transfer
6. AC Analysis
7. Magnetically Coupled Circuits
8. Polyphase Systems
9. Operational Amplifiers
10. Laplace Transforms
11. Time-Dependent Circuits
- Introduction
- Inductors and capacitors
- First-order transients
- Nodal analysis
- Mesh analysis
- Laplace transforms
- Additional techniques
12. Two-Port Networks
Appendix
LTspice
LTspice is a powerful, fast, and free SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulator software developed by Analog Devices. It is widely used by engineers for simulating analog circuits, mixed-signal circuits, and power electronics. LTspice provides a user-friendly graphical interface for designing circuits, running simulations, and analyzing results. It supports a wide range of components, including resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Additionally, LTspice allows users to create custom components and models, making it a versatile tool for circuit design and analysis. Feel free to download and install it on your computer LTspice from here.
Users can export circuit digrams from the CircuitsU website as a netlist file (*.net) that can be opened in LTspice for further analysis and simulation.
Syntax of Netlist Files
LTspice is using a modified nodal analysis technique to compute the voltages and currents in the circuit numerically. To simulate a circuit the user create a netlist file that contains a list of components and their connections. Below is a description of some of the basic components that can be inncluded in a netlist file.
-
Independent voltage source
Vname N+ N- [DC value] [AC value] [transient shape]
-
Independent current source
Iname N+ N- [DC value] [AC value] [transient shape]
Both sources can be set can generate waveforms:
SIN(offset amplitude freq)
PULSE(V1 V2 Tdelay Trise Tfall Ton Tperiod)
EXP(...), PWL(...), etc.
-
Resistor
Rname N1 N2 value
-
Capacitor
Cname N1 N2 value [IC=initial_voltage] -
Inductor
Lame N1 N2 value [IC=initial_current]
-
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source
Ename N+ N- NC+ NC- gain
-
Voltage-Controlled Current Source
Gname N+ N- NC+ NC- transconductance
-
Current-Controlled Voltage Source
Hname N+ N- Vcontrol gain
-
Current-Controlled Current Source
Fname N+ N- Vcontrol gain
The ground node is denoted by 0
. Since LTspice uses a modified nodal analysis technique to solve the circuit equations, it is important for the circuit to have a ground node.
Otherwise, one can get errors such Node XXX is floating or singular matrix.
The following examples illustrate how to write the netlist file for a few simple circuits.